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HIT improves symptoms of central sensitization and perceived stress in persons with CNSLBP.

Effects of HIT on central sensitization are more pronounced in persons with clinically relevant symptoms.

Symptoms of central sensitization and perceived stress are only slightly related with (changes in) pain intensity and functional disability.

There is little guidance for physical therapists on how best to provide first line care for people with low back pain.

Providing validation to patients seems important.

The AxEL-Q is a valid and reliable tool that could help to guide physical therapy consultations.

Physical therapists could consider focusing patient education and advice on messages about cause, severity, and imaging, and in doing so remove barriers to physical activity.

The ecological-enactive approach to pain extends the biopsychosocial model.

Clinical reasoning and practice centers around affordances: opportunities for action.

Disabling pain is experienced as closed-off or “stuck” field of affordances.

Therapist and patient work together to make sense of pain, complexity, and uncertainty.

Together, they choose interventions aimed to “open-up” the field of affordances.

The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status (PCFS) scale is now available in Brazilian Portuguese.

The Brazilian Portuguese PCFS has shown adequate measurement properties.

Exercise trials for knee osteoarthritis are not consistently collecting and reporting information about exercise adherence.

Without information about adherence, the understanding of true treatment effect sizes of exercise for individuals with knee osteoarthritis is limited.

Only 10.2% of trials provided a predetermined threshold of adequate adherence, and outcomes did not appear to differ in those who met the threshold. However, metrics, thresholds, and comparator groups were highly heterogeneous in these trials, limiting any conclusions.

We propose a series of structured recommendations, based on the consensus of international, multidisciplinary experts, on factors to consider before, during, and after physical activity/exercise, thus facilitating the advisory role of health professionals.

These recommendations include the systematic analysis of the degree of risk presented by patients with diabetic foot before starting unsupervised physical activity.

Patients at high risk of ulceration should be closely monitored, including during their return to activity after ulceration, and it is recommended that those with open ulcers or peripheral artery disease perform stretching and strengthening exercises.