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Beliefs are an important target for the management of musculoskeletal pain.

Behavioural learning is key to elicit and disconfirm unhelpful beliefs.

We propose key principles to guide clinicians in promoting behavioural change.

A case illustrates the role beliefs have on musculoskeletal pain management.

Patient education, physical exercise, and weight maintenance constitute the first-line knee osteoarthritis treatment approach.

There is still neglect of evidence-based strategies in clinical practice.

Less than 40% of patients with knee OA receive first-line treatment.

The use of adjunct therapies, isolated or in association with gold-standard treatments, is questionable.

Surgery is typically a last resort for the management of knee osteoarthritis.

Self-management support is person-centred care reinforcing patient autonomy.

Avoid strong clinician control and help patients developing self-efficacy.

Let patients’ value-based goals and shared decisions guide management.

Help patients make sense of symptoms and reframe unhelpful perspectives.

Use supervised exercises as a tool to practice problem-solving skills

Trials investigating abdominal and PFM exercises on DRA have mostly been performed on women with mild DRA.

The abdominal and PFM exercise programs identified were heterogenous in terms of type of exercises and training dose.

We found low quality evidence that TrA and curl-up training are more effective than minimal intervention for treating DRA.

There is low to very low evidence that PFM training is not more effective than minimal intervention.

The Spanish FMA-LE can be recommended for evaluation of motor impairment in stroke.

Intra- and interrater reliability of the Spanish FMA-LE was excellent.

Wider use of FMA-LE would allow worldwide comparisons of stroke recovery.

In recent years virtual reality (VR) has been used alone and as an adjunct intervention in the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy (CP).

VR plus conventional rehabilitation can improve upper limb function and lower limb strength in patients with CP.

VR alone is no better than other treatments to improve upper and lower limb function in patients with CP.

VR alone can improve postural control, balance, and lower limb function in patients with CP.

Further research is needed to better define the effectiveness of VR in patients with CP.

Therapeutic ultrasound (US) is commonly used as an adjunctive treatment in rehabilitation focused on pain management.

Therapeutic US may provide benefits for knee osteoarthritis, but its isolated effects have not been systematically assessed.

High-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of therapeutic US for knee osteoarthritis.

The combination of heat and TENS significantly improves pain pressure thresholds.

The combination of heat and TENS does not affect maximum and average pain, nor movement-evoked pain (MEP).

There is a need for standardized and sensitive assessment tools for measuring MEP.

The JH-HLM has excellent reliability when used by physical therapists in the ICU.

The JH-HLM has excellent reliability across several types of ICUs.

Trained physical therapists can use the JH-HLM to reliably measure observed patient mobility in the ICU.