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It is unclear which physical therapy modality works best for patients with PVD.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is effective in managing PVD on its own.

Hydrotherapy combined with exercise was also effective in managing PVD.

Low-intensity exercise reduces hyperalgesia via µ-opioid receptor activation.

Exercise reduces escape latency in MCAS, improving cognitive pain response.

Naloxone blocked the analgesic and cognitive effects induced by exercise.

Exercise decreased IL-4 and BDNF in the PFC; naloxone prevented these reductions.

In the brainstem, naloxone reduced IL-4, IL-10, and BDNF levels.

Older cyclists and males have a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of hEAMC.

EAMC in cyclists affects mainly the quadriceps muscles.

EAMC in cyclists occurs mainly in the 4th quarter during a race.

Risk factors for hEAMC: experience, chronic disease, allergies, medications, past injury.

The majority of the sample had an internal locus of control.

There was no significant change in the locus at baseline and endpoint of observation.

Locus, treatment, and interaction between them are not predictors of pain and functional ability.

The locus did not influence the global perceived effect.

Neck pain has less impact on daily activities compared to migraine headaches.

Neck pain is uncomfortable for patients with migraine in their daily lives.

Posture, emotions, and headache are believed to be the causal factors of neck pain.

Patients with migraine have difficulty understanding how to manage neck pain.

Healthcare professionals should assess symptoms other than headache in migraine.

Different exercises produce similar musculoskeletal adaptations.

The difference in biological adaptations is related to the total work performed.

Clinical trials compare exercises without adjusting for total work.

Aerobic exercise: Total work can be calculated using duration and activity load variables.

Strength training: Total work can be calculated using the sets, time under tension, and load.