It is unclear which physical therapy modality works best for patients with PVD.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is effective in managing PVD on its own.

Hydrotherapy combined with exercise was also effective in managing PVD.

Older cyclists and males have a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of hEAMC.

EAMC in cyclists affects mainly the quadriceps muscles.

EAMC in cyclists occurs mainly in the 4th quarter during a race.

Risk factors for hEAMC: experience, chronic disease, allergies, medications, past injury.

The majority of the sample had an internal locus of control.

There was no significant change in the locus at baseline and endpoint of observation.

Locus, treatment, and interaction between them are not predictors of pain and functional ability.

The locus did not influence the global perceived effect.

Low-intensity exercise reduces hyperalgesia via µ-opioid receptor activation.

Exercise reduces escape latency in MCAS, improving cognitive pain response.

Naloxone blocked the analgesic and cognitive effects induced by exercise.

Exercise decreased IL-4 and BDNF in the PFC; naloxone prevented these reductions.

In the brainstem, naloxone reduced IL-4, IL-10, and BDNF levels.