HRV is used to assess cardiac autonomic modulation.

HRV is useful to assess the effect of physical exercise programmes.

What are the common shortcomings of using the HRV methodology?

What are the recommendations of using HRV collection and analysis methods?

Checklist regarding the use of the HRV collection and analysis methodology.

This study shows a high prevalence of low back pain over a one week period.

Older age, low education, hypertension and smoking were associated with back pain in men.

Occupational and ergonomic factors were associated with back pain in women.

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Overall confidence of reviews of exercise for low back pain was very low.

Higher confidence was found in Cochrane reviews and reviews with registered protocol.

Confidence in the results is important to generate unbiased clinical recommendations.

Migraine is associated with high levels of disability and comorbidities.

Disability levels can be influenced by the presence of aura and migraine chronicity.

Manual and exercise therapy aim to reduce musculoskeletal pain and sensitization.

Balance and vestibular rehabilitation is suggested to enhance function and reduce dizziness.

Patients may benefit from physical examination and tailored treatment paths including education.

Diagnosis is designed to improve communication and documentation about a patient's condition and should help refine treatment options for patients. A diagnosis allows clinicians to “cross-talk” and reduce variability of care.

Higher order thinking is a form of thinking and learning that requires greater cognitive processing and indirectly requires different forms of learning beyond memorization, facts and, concepts. Higher order thinking occurs after one makes a diagnosis.

Diagnostic metrics are either internal (in that they provide information about the test only) or external (in that they provide information about post-test decision making). The best tests influence post-test decision making.

Overdiagnosis may lead to overtreatment. A caveat exists that over-pursuing diagnoses may lead to worse outcomes.

Within a diagnosis are specific phenotypes. Thus, multiple patients may have a single diagnosis but present markedly differently and respond to different outcomes.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome patients had losses in hip muscle strength.

Flexion and rotation movements are reduced in FAI syndrome patients.

Reduced hip strength and motion should be considered during rehabilitation programs.