Aging is a complex and heterogeneous process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological functions. In aging, psychomotor syndromes are associated with neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disorders. These syndromes involve motor changes such as bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, apraxias, catatonia, dyskinesias, and psychomotor agitation. Understanding their mechanisms is essential for accurate diagnosis and proper management, aiming to reduce functional impact and improve the quality of life of older adults.

To analyze the main psychomotor syndromes in aging, their neurobiological bases, clinical manifestations, and implications for differential diagnosis and therapeutic management.

We conducted a narrative literature review based on prospective studies on psychomotor syndromes, aging, and neurological disorders. We included original studies, reviews, and meta-analyses from 2000 to 2024 in electronic databases such as Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, Lilacs, Medline, PubMed, SpringerLinks, and PsycINFO. The search terms used were psychomotor syndromes, aging, and psychiatric disorders. Studies that were irrelevant or had non-representative elderly samples were excluded.

A total of 52 studies were selected, highlighting the following key aspects: bradykinesia and rigidity were the most prevalent motor changes, associated with Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Apraxias were frequently observed in dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. Essential tremors and tardive dyskinesias were linked to prolonged use of antipsychotics. Abnormal gaits, such as hemiparetic and cerebellar gaits, were associated with both neurological disorders and psychosocial factors.

Psychomotor syndromes in aging involve motor, cognitive, and emotional changes, requiring precise diagnosis and appropriate management. Understanding their mechanisms is essential for effective interventions and improving the quality of life of older adults. Medication use should be carefully monitored to minimize impacts and avoid associated complications.

This study is relevant as it contributes to understanding the neurobiological bases of psychomotor syndromes, enabling a more integrated approach to elderly patient care. It highlights the importance of improving physiotherapy practices, promoting personalized and effective interventions, and optimizing healthcare resource management by prioritizing early diagnoses and appropriate treatments for older adults with psychomotor disorders.