Therapists believe in manual therapy mechanisms, partially supported by evidence.

Mechanisms include brain involvement, pain modulation, and placebo effects.

Sociodemographics are weakly associated with beliefs about manual therapy.

Perceived efficacy was related to men, hands-on time, biomechanics, and less placebo.

Physical disability doubles hospitalization odds in older adults (OR: 2.13).

Disabled older adults are five times more likely to have ≥ 4 hospitalizations.

Findings highlight the need for policies to prevent disability in older populations.

Happiness may be an important protective factor in musculoskeletal pain.

Nepali Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS-NP) has one factor solution.

Item #4 was incomprehensible by Nepali adults.

SHS-NP is reliable and valid tool to assess subjective happiness.

Responsiveness and minimum important change needs further testing.

This review assesses the measurement properties of tools that assess thoracic kyphosis.

Seventy-two studies assessing 15 different instruments were included.

Clinical instruments showed moderate to strong correlation with the gold standard.

Clinical instruments showed excellent levels of intra- and inter-rater reliability.

Analog Inclinometer, Flexicurve Angle, and Smartphone applications are recommended.